Meningitis

• Viral Meningitis: Typically caused by viruses like enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus, or mumps virus. It is usually less severe than bacterial meningitis and often resolves without specific treatment.

• Fungal and Parasitic Meningitis: Less common and usually affects individuals with weakened immune systems. Fungal meningitis is often due to infections like cryptococcosis, while parasitic meningitis can be caused by organisms such as Naegleria fowleri.

Symptoms of Meningitis

Common symptoms include severe headache, fever, neck stiffness, and sensitivity to light. Additional symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, confusion, and seizures. In infants, symptoms may be less specific, such as irritability, poor feeding, and a bulging fontanelle.

Diagnosis of Meningitis

Diagnosis involves a physical examination, lumbar puncture (spinal tap) to analyze cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and blood tests. Imaging studies like CT or MRI may also be used to assess for complications or other conditions.

Treatment Options for Meningitis

Treatment depends on the cause:

• Bacterial Meningitis: Requires immediate antibiotic treatment and, in some cases, corticosteroids to reduce inflammation.

• Viral Meningitis: Usually managed with supportive care, including hydration and pain relief, as specific antiviral medications are rarely needed.

• Fungal and Parasitic Meningitis: Treated with antifungal or antiparasitic medications, respectively, often in conjunction with supportive care.

Preventing Meningitis

Prevention includes vaccination against bacterial pathogens like Haemophilus influenzae, meningococcal bacteria, and pneumococcus. Practicing good hygiene, avoiding close contact with infected individuals, and prompt treatment of infections can also help reduce the risk.